Critical approaches have for a long time been sidelined within European Studies – Turkish enlargement is not an exemption. This book analyses the trajectory of Turkey’s integration into Europe from a critical political economy perspective. Drawing on over 100 interviews conducted at two historical moments, the volume considers the position of social forces in Turkey through the analytical lens of uneven development and hegemony. It argues that pro-membership was indeed hegemonic in the 2000s, contested by two rival class-strategies: Ha-vet (No to Capital’s Europe, but yes to Social Europe) and neo-mercantilism. As the first historical materialist reading of Turkey-EU relations as an instance of class struggle to be published in English, The political economy of Turkey’s integration into Europe provides a novel conceptual engagement between historical materialism and post-Marxism through reflections from a peripheral country.