The relationship between Islam and modernity has generated and rich but complex literature. While competing accounts sometimes appear incommensurable, there is at least some convergence on the view that Islam and modernity reflect an unsettled encounter. For some this is self-evident because the relationship rests on contested foundational questions, not least: whose modernity and which Islam? For others it is a less a theoretical and more a historical issue, in so far as there has been a process underway in which Islam has proved slow in ‘catching up’. This Major Work gives space to an evolving conversation between Islam and four component parts of modernity. It has a comprehensive introduction, newly written by the editor, which places the collected material in its historical and intellectual context.