Gardens were both a setting and showcase for nearly every aspect of social and daily life at the royal court during the early Islamic period in Western Asia. Safa Mahmoudian uses ?a wide range of ?primary source materials including ??contemporary ??Arabic manuscripts, together with archaeological ?reports, aerial ?photographs, and archaeologists' letters ?and diaries.? ?Through close readings of this evidence, Mahmoudian creates a picture of these gardens in their historical, architectural and environmental contexts and examines various factors that influenced their design and placement. In doing so, Mahmoudian adds to our understanding of these gardens and palaces and, ultimately, early Islamic-period court culture as a whole.